TapWaterGuide
Worldwide water safety reference

Water Hardness by City: Complete Guide

Tap water hardness varies more between cities than almost any other water-quality measure — from under 30 mg/L in Seattle to well over 300 mg/L in Las Vegas and Rome. Every city on this site is listed below with its typical hardness level and mg/L range, grouped by the same four-band USGS scale used on every city page. Sort within each band alphabetically or by hardness, and click through for the full water report.

Sort within each level:

Soft (0–60 mg/L) (48 cities)

Abu Dhabi United Arab Emirates 50 mg/L Anchorage Alaska, US 20–50 mg/L Atlanta Georgia, US 30–60 mg/L Auckland New Zealand 30–90 mg/L Baton Rouge Louisiana, US 20–60 mg/L Birmingham Alabama, US 30–70 mg/L Bogotá Colombia 30–80 mg/L Boston Massachusetts, US 20–40 mg/L Cape Town South Africa 30–60 mg/L Charlotte North Carolina, US 30–60 mg/L Da Nang Vietnam 30–80 mg/L Durham North Carolina, US 20–50 mg/L Edinburgh United Kingdom 50 mg/L Fayetteville North Carolina, US 20–50 mg/L Gothenburg Sweden 50–60 mg/L Greensboro North Carolina, US 30–80 mg/L Hoi An Vietnam 30–80 mg/L Kyoto Japan 40–60 mg/L Lanzarote Spain 30–60 mg/L Luang Prabang Laos 20–60 mg/L Male Maldives 10–30 mg/L Melbourne Australia 10–30 mg/L Memphis Tennessee, US 30–50 mg/L Nadi Fiji 30–70 mg/L Nassau Bahamas 30–80 mg/L New York City New York, US 15–30 mg/L Newark New Jersey, US 40–80 mg/L Nha Trang Vietnam 30–90 mg/L Oakland California, US 20–80 mg/L Osaka Japan 40–80 mg/L Oslo Norway 30–50 mg/L Penang Malaysia 30–80 mg/L Port St. Lucie Florida, US 40–80 mg/L Portland Oregon, US 20–30 mg/L Queenstown New Zealand 15–30 mg/L Quito Ecuador 30–80 mg/L Raleigh North Carolina, US 30–70 mg/L Reykjavik Iceland 10–50 mg/L San Francisco California, US 20–30 mg/L Sapporo Japan 30–50 mg/L Seattle Washington, US 20–25 mg/L Siem Reap Cambodia 30–80 mg/L Sydney Australia 40–60 mg/L Tacoma Washington, US 15–40 mg/L Tenerife Spain 40–60 mg/L Vancouver Canada 3–6 mg/L Vientiane Laos 30–80 mg/L Winston-Salem North Carolina, US 30–60 mg/L

Moderate (61–120 mg/L) (51 cities)

Aurora Colorado, US 50–120 mg/L Baltimore Maryland, US 50–100 mg/L Boise Idaho, US 50–150 mg/L Brisbane Australia 40–100 mg/L Busan South Korea 50–80 mg/L Cabo San Lucas Mexico ~90 mg/L Chiang Mai Thailand 40–100 mg/L Colombo Sri Lanka 80–150 mg/L Colorado Springs Colorado, US 40–90 mg/L Denver Colorado, US 60–100 mg/L Detroit Michigan, US 90–140 mg/L Dubai United Arab Emirates 50–150 mg/L Dublin Ireland 50–150 mg/L Granada Spain 50–150 mg/L Helsinki Finland 50–80 mg/L Hialeah Florida, US 60–100 mg/L Hong Kong Hong Kong 50–100 mg/L Honolulu Hawaii, US 40–100 mg/L Huntsville Alabama, US 80–130 mg/L Jersey City New Jersey, US 50–90 mg/L Kuala Lumpur Malaysia 50–100 mg/L Langkawi Malaysia 30–100 mg/L Madrid Spain 40–100 mg/L Medellín Colombia 50–150 mg/L Milwaukee Wisconsin, US 110–130 mg/L Modesto California, US 80–150 mg/L Montréal Canada 80–120 mg/L Mumbai India 40–100 mg/L Nashville Tennessee, US 60–100 mg/L Panama City Panama 50–120 mg/L Perth Australia 30–120 mg/L Philadelphia Pennsylvania, US 50–100 mg/L Phnom Penh Cambodia 40–100 mg/L Pittsburgh Pennsylvania, US 50–100 mg/L Reno Nevada, US 40–90 mg/L Richmond Virginia, US 60–110 mg/L Rio de Janeiro Brazil 30–100 mg/L Rochester New York, US 80–130 mg/L Sacramento California, US 60–100 mg/L Salt Lake City Utah, US 50–100 mg/L San José Costa Rica 40–120 mg/L San Juan Puerto Rico 40–100 mg/L Seoul South Korea 50–100 mg/L Sicily Italy ~90 mg/L Singapore Singapore 60–100 mg/L St. Paul Minnesota, US 75–100 mg/L Stockholm Sweden 55–70 mg/L Taipei Taiwan 50–80 mg/L Tokyo Japan 60–80 mg/L Virginia Beach Virginia, US 50–100 mg/L Yangon Myanmar 40–120 mg/L

Hard (121–180 mg/L) (57 cities)

Adelaide Australia 130–220 mg/L Albuquerque New Mexico, US 100–200 mg/L Amsterdam Netherlands 150–200 mg/L Arlington Texas, US 100–150 mg/L Austin Texas, US 150–200 mg/L Bakersfield California, US 120–200 mg/L Buenos Aires Argentina 100–200 mg/L Buffalo New York, US 120–140 mg/L Cartagena Colombia 100–200 mg/L Chicago Illinois, US 120–140 mg/L Cincinnati Ohio, US 120–180 mg/L Cusco Peru 100–200 mg/L Dallas Texas, US 150–200 mg/L Des Moines Iowa, US 100–150 mg/L Fort Worth Texas, US 100–150 mg/L Fresno California, US 100–170 mg/L Garland Texas, US 100–150 mg/L Genoa Italy 120–200 mg/L Goa India 100–200 mg/L Grand Rapids Michigan, US 120–150 mg/L Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam 100–150 mg/L Houston Texas, US 100–200 mg/L Indianapolis Indiana, US 150–200 mg/L Johannesburg South Africa 100–150 mg/L Kansas City Missouri, US 100–150 mg/L Kathmandu Nepal 100–200 mg/L Las Palmas Spain 100–200 mg/L Lexington Kentucky, US 120–180 mg/L Lincoln Nebraska, US 130–180 mg/L Lisbon Portugal 100–180 mg/L Lombok Indonesia 50–200 mg/L Louisville Kentucky, US 100–150 mg/L Minneapolis Minnesota, US 100–150 mg/L Montevideo Uruguay 100–180 mg/L New Orleans Louisiana, US 120–170 mg/L Oklahoma City Oklahoma, US 100–150 mg/L Omaha Nebraska, US 120–170 mg/L Pattaya Thailand 100–180 mg/L Phuket Thailand 80–200 mg/L Plano Texas, US 100–150 mg/L Porto Portugal 100–200 mg/L Puerto Vallarta Mexico 100–200 mg/L Riga Latvia 120–180 mg/L Sardinia Italy 100–180 mg/L Shanghai China 120–180 mg/L Spokane Washington, US 130–200 mg/L St Louis Missouri, US 100–150 mg/L St Petersburg Russia 150–180 mg/L Stockton California, US 100–180 mg/L Tampa Florida, US 150–200 mg/L Tbilisi Georgia 100–180 mg/L Toledo Ohio, US 100–150 mg/L Toronto Canada 120–140 mg/L Ubud Indonesia 80–180 mg/L Vienna Austria 150–200 mg/L Wichita Kansas, US 130–200 mg/L Zurich Switzerland 150–200 mg/L

Very Hard (180+ mg/L) (104 cities)

Agra India 300–500 mg/L Amman Jordan 250–350 mg/L Anaheim California, US 150–280 mg/L Antigua Guatemala Guatemala 150–280 mg/L Athens Greece 150–300 mg/L Barcelona Spain 200–300 mg/L Bari Italy 150–300 mg/L Beijing China 300 mg/L Belgrade Serbia 180–220 mg/L Berlin Germany 350 mg/L Bologna Italy 250–330 mg/L Bordeaux France 150–250 mg/L Bratislava Slovakia 250–350 mg/L Brussels Belgium 300 mg/L Bucharest Romania 150–250 mg/L Budapest Hungary 250–350 mg/L Cairo Egypt 200–300 mg/L Casablanca Morocco 200–320 mg/L Cebu Philippines 120–250 mg/L Chandler Arizona, US 220–320 mg/L Chennai India 300–600 mg/L Chula Vista California, US 120–250 mg/L Columbus Ohio, US 150–250 mg/L Copenhagen Denmark 300 mg/L Corpus Christi Texas, US 150–250 mg/L Delhi India 250–500 mg/L Dubrovnik Croatia 250–350 mg/L Faro Portugal 250–350 mg/L Fez Morocco 250–350 mg/L Florence Italy 250–350 mg/L Fontana California, US 150–250 mg/L Gdańsk Poland 170–335 mg/L Glendale Arizona, US 200–300 mg/L Guadalajara Mexico 200–350 mg/L Guanajuato Mexico 180–300 mg/L Havana Cuba 250–400 mg/L Henderson Nevada, US 250–290 mg/L Ibiza Spain 200–350 mg/L Irvine California, US 150–270 mg/L Istanbul Turkey 200–300 mg/L Jacksonville Florida, US 150–250 mg/L Jaipur India 300–600 mg/L Koh Samui Thailand 80–300 mg/L Krakow Poland 150–250 mg/L Las Vegas Nevada, US 250–290 mg/L Ljubljana Slovenia 200–300 mg/L London United Kingdom 250–350 mg/L Long Beach California, US 150–250 mg/L Los Angeles California, US 150–250 mg/L Lubbock Texas, US 180–280 mg/L Lucerne Switzerland 150–250 mg/L Lyon France 180–250 mg/L Málaga Spain 150–400 mg/L Madison Wisconsin, US 300–370 mg/L Malta Malta 300–500 mg/L Marrakech Morocco 300–400 mg/L Marseille France 170–235 mg/L Mesa Arizona, US 200–320 mg/L Mexico City Mexico 200–400 mg/L Miami Florida, US 150–250 mg/L Milan Italy 250 mg/L Mombasa Kenya 150–300 mg/L Monaco City Monaco 250–370 mg/L Montego Bay Jamaica 150–280 mg/L Moreno Valley California, US 150–270 mg/L Munich Germany 150–250 mg/L Naples Italy 250–300 mg/L Nice France 200–300 mg/L Orlando Florida, US 150–250 mg/L Oxnard California, US 150–300 mg/L Palermo Italy 300–350 mg/L Palma de Mallorca Spain 300–400 mg/L Paphos Cyprus 300–400 mg/L Paris France 250–300 mg/L Phoenix Arizona, US 150–300 mg/L Playa del Carmen Mexico 250–400 mg/L Prague Czech Republic 150–250 mg/L Punta Cana Dominican Republic 200–350 mg/L Riverside California, US 180–280 mg/L Rome Italy 300–350 mg/L San Antonio Texas, US 200–300 mg/L San Bernardino California, US 180–280 mg/L San Diego California, US 150–250 mg/L San Miguel de Allende Mexico 200–350 mg/L Santa Ana California, US 150–250 mg/L Santa Clarita California, US 180–280 mg/L Santiago Chile 150–300 mg/L Santo Domingo Dominican Republic 150–300 mg/L Seville Spain 250–350 mg/L Sorrento Italy 250–350 mg/L Split Croatia 250–300 mg/L Strasbourg France 210–320 mg/L Tallinn Estonia 180–220 mg/L Thessaloniki Greece 300–400 mg/L Tucson Arizona, US 200–300 mg/L Tulúm Mexico 280–450 mg/L Turin Italy 110–280 mg/L Valencia Spain 250–350 mg/L Venice Italy 200–250 mg/L Verona Italy 230–320 mg/L Vilnius Lithuania 285–320 mg/L Warsaw Poland 150–250 mg/L Zagreb Croatia 200–250 mg/L Zanzibar Tanzania 200–350 mg/L

Variable / Not Published (8 cities)

Bali (Denpasar) Indonesia varies Bangkok Thailand varies Cancún Mexico varies Hanoi Vietnam varies Lima Peru varies Mykonos Greece varies Nairobi Kenya varies Santorini Greece varies

Ranges are typical values from utility reporting; ~ marks a band-typical estimate where the utility publishes a classification but no number. Cities are grouped by their typical mg/L value on the USGS scale, so a city page's descriptive rating (which may follow a looser local convention) can differ by a band. Hardness affects taste and limescale, not safety — see the hardness guide for what the numbers mean.

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